Allergic Conjunctivitis

What Is Allergic Conjunctivitis?

The conjunctiva is the thin, transparent tissue that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surfaces of the upper and lower eyelids. Allergic conjunctivitis occurs when this tissue reacts to various allergens.

It is a very common condition, and the most frequent symptoms are tearing, redness, and itching. In addition to genetic factors, many external irritants can stimulate the cells in the eye that trigger allergic reactions, leading to a series of responses that cause the allergy.

Who Is More Likely to Develop Allergic Conjunctivitis?

IAllergic conjunctivitis is most commonly seen in young children, school-aged children, and adolescents. Its prevalence decreases after adolescence and with increasing age. However, certain environmental factors—such as house dust mites, pets, farming, or exposure to chemicals—can increase the likelihood of allergic conjunctivitis in adults.

Common Allergens

• Pollen
• Pet dander
• House dust mites
• Wool
• Chemical liquids and fragrances
• Mold

IPollen-related allergies are particularly common during the spring. Allergies caused by dust, mold, or mites can occur year-round and sometimes flare up in severe attacks.

Types of Allergic Conjunctivitis

1. Seasonal Allergic Conjunctivitis: The most common type, usually occurring in the spring. Respiratory symptoms may accompany eye complaints. The most common eye symptoms are tearing, itching, and redness. If untreated, secondary eye infections may develop.
2. Vernal Conjunctivitis: Also known as spring eye allergy, typically occurs in warm, dry weather during the summer. It is not directly related to pollen. The cornea may also be affected, leading to visual problems. Excessive rubbing and itching can trigger keratoconus (conical deformation of the cornea),making treatment important.
3. Atopic Conjunctivitis: Often seen in individuals with a genetic predisposition to allergies, or those with allergic skin conditions, food allergies, or asthma. In this type, eyelid involvement often accompanies eye symptoms.
4. Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis: Common in contact lens users, this allergy is triggered by lens materials or solutions. It negatively affects lens tolerance and requires treatment.

Symptoms of Allergic Conjunctivitis

The most frequent complaints are itching, redness, and tearing, with itching being the hallmark symptom. Other clues that help with diagnosis include seasonal patterns, exposure to outdoor allergens (fields, gardens, flowers),and accompanying nasal symptoms such as watery or congested nose.

If left untreated, frequent eye rubbing can lead to bacterial conjunctivitis.

In middle-aged and older women, dry eye disease can sometimes mimic allergic conjunctivitis. Patients may report itching, but allergy treatment does not improve symptoms and may even worsen them. Therefore, careful evaluation is essential to differentiate these conditions.

How to Prevent Allergies?

• If the trigger is a known allergen, the simplest way is to avoid it.
• For pollen allergies, medication should be started before and during the pollen season.
• For spring allergies, wearing a hat and sunglasses can help in addition to treatment.
• If triggers include chemicals, dust, or animal hair, exposure to them should be minimized.
• Use vacuum cleaners effective against allergens at home.
• Remove items made of wool or fur from living spaces.
• f allergic conjunctivitis is related to contact lenses, lens use should be temporarily or permanently paused alongside treatment.

Allergic Conjunctivitis Medication

• Antihistamine eye drops
• Mast cell stabilizer eye drops
• Mild or potent steroid eye drops
• Topical cyclosporine eye drops
• Systemic antihistamines

ICold compresses can also help reduce swelling and break the allergy cycle.

IIt is important for patients with allergic symptoms to consult an eye specialist, follow their treatment plan strictly, and be cautious due to potential side effects such as infections or corneal complications.